\( \newcommand{\cat}[1] {\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\catobj}[1] {\operatorname{Obj}(\mathrm{#1})} \newcommand{\cathom}[1] {\operatorname{Hom}_{\cat{#1}}} \newcommand{\multiBetaReduction}[0] {\twoheadrightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaReduction}[0] {\rightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaEq}[0] {=_{\beta}} \newcommand{\string}[1] {\texttt{"}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{"}} \newcommand{\symbolq}[1] {\texttt{`}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{'}} \newcommand{\groupMul}[1] { \cdot_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\groupAdd}[1] { +_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\inv}[1] {#1^{-1} } \newcommand{\bm}[1] { \boldsymbol{#1} } \require{physics} \require{ams} \require{mathtools} \) Math and science::Theory of Computation::Lambda calculus β-normal form β-normal form Let \( M \) be a lambda term. \( M \) is said to be in β-normal form iff [...]. \( M \) is said to have a β-normal form iff [. Read more...

\( \newcommand{\cat}[1] {\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\catobj}[1] {\operatorname{Obj}(\mathrm{#1})} \newcommand{\cathom}[1] {\operatorname{Hom}_{\cat{#1}}} \newcommand{\multiBetaReduction}[0] {\twoheadrightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaReduction}[0] {\rightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaEq}[0] {=_{\beta}} \newcommand{\string}[1] {\texttt{"}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{"}} \newcommand{\symbolq}[1] {\texttt{`}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{'}} \newcommand{\groupMul}[1] { \cdot_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\groupAdd}[1] { +_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\inv}[1] {#1^{-1} } \newcommand{\bm}[1] { \boldsymbol{#1} } \require{physics} \require{ams} \require{mathtools} \) Math and science::Theory of Computation::Lambda calculus β-normal form β-normal form Let \( M \) be a lambda term. \( M \) is said to be in β-normal form iff \( M \) does not contain any redex. Read more...

This article follows the steps of Henri Lebesgue as he came upon his theory of integration. The story could be started earlier, but we don't lose too much by starting with Borel, Lebesgue's adviser, at the end of the 19th century. Borel and the measure of a set At the end of the 19th century, Émile Borel was thinking about the problem of measure, that is, the problem of describing the size of things. Read more...

\( \newcommand{\cat}[1] {\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\catobj}[1] {\operatorname{Obj}(\mathrm{#1})} \newcommand{\cathom}[1] {\operatorname{Hom}_{\cat{#1}}} \newcommand{\multiBetaReduction}[0] {\twoheadrightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaReduction}[0] {\rightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaEq}[0] {=_{\beta}} \newcommand{\string}[1] {\texttt{"}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{"}} \newcommand{\symbolq}[1] {\texttt{`}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{'}} \newcommand{\groupMul}[1] { \cdot_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\groupAdd}[1] { +_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\inv}[1] {#1^{-1} } \newcommand{\bm}[1] { \boldsymbol{#1} } \require{physics} \require{ams} \require{mathtools} \) Math and science::Theory of Computation::Lambda calculus β-reduction Beta reduction is a term that encompasses 3 relations defined over the set of all lambda terms: single-step, multi-step and equality. β-reduction, single step, \( \rightarrow_{\beta} \) Let \( M, U \) and \( L \) be lambda terms. Read more...

\( \newcommand{\cat}[1] {\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\catobj}[1] {\operatorname{Obj}(\mathrm{#1})} \newcommand{\cathom}[1] {\operatorname{Hom}_{\cat{#1}}} \newcommand{\multiBetaReduction}[0] {\twoheadrightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaReduction}[0] {\rightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaEq}[0] {=_{\beta}} \newcommand{\string}[1] {\texttt{"}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{"}} \newcommand{\symbolq}[1] {\texttt{`}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{'}} \newcommand{\groupMul}[1] { \cdot_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\groupAdd}[1] { +_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\inv}[1] {#1^{-1} } \newcommand{\bm}[1] { \boldsymbol{#1} } \require{physics} \require{ams} \require{mathtools} \) Math and science::Theory of Computation::Lambda calculus β-reduction Beta reduction is a term that encompasses 3 relations defined over the set of all lambda terms: single-step, multi-step and equality. β-reduction, single step, \( \rightarrow_{\beta} \) Let \( M, U \) and \( L \) be lambda terms. Read more...

Math and science::INF ML AI ELBO via Jensen Process We are interested in evaluating \( \operatorname{P}_{X} \) for some value. Below we consider \( \operatorname{P}_X(x_4) \). If we know the dynamics of \( X \) with respect to some other variable, \( Z \), then we can calculate \( \operatorname{P}_X \) by considering the random variable product/pair \( (X,Z) \). To calculate \( \operatorname{P}_X \), we sum over \( Z \). Read more...

Math and science::INF ML AI ELBO via Jensen Process We are interested in evaluating \( \operatorname{P}_{X} \) for some value. Below we consider \( \operatorname{P}_X(x_4) \). If we know the dynamics of \( X \) with respect to some other variable, \( Z \), then we can calculate \( \operatorname{P}_X \) by considering the random variable product/pair \( (X,Z) \). To calculate \( \operatorname{P}_X \), we sum over \( Z \). Read more...

\( \newcommand{\cat}[1] {\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\catobj}[1] {\operatorname{Obj}(\mathrm{#1})} \newcommand{\cathom}[1] {\operatorname{Hom}_{\cat{#1}}} \newcommand{\multiBetaReduction}[0] {\twoheadrightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaReduction}[0] {\rightarrow_{\beta}} \newcommand{\betaEq}[0] {=_{\beta}} \newcommand{\string}[1] {\texttt{"}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{"}} \newcommand{\symbolq}[1] {\texttt{`}\mathtt{#1}\texttt{'}} \newcommand{\groupMul}[1] { \cdot_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\groupAdd}[1] { +_{\small{#1}}} \newcommand{\inv}[1] {#1^{-1} } \newcommand{\bm}[1] { \boldsymbol{#1} } \require{physics} \require{ams} \require{mathtools} \) Math and science::Theory of Computation Examples of decidable and undecidable languages Consider the decidability and recognizability of some specific languages. All the below languages represent answers to certain questions. If one of the languages is decidable, then the corresponding question can be answered definitively in finite time by a Turing machine. Read more...